Thyroid and parathyroid surgery involves the removal of the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism, or the parathyroid glands, which control calcium levels in the body. Indications for surgery include thyroid nodules, cancer, hyperthyroidism, or enlarged thyroid (goiter), as well as hyperparathyroidism, where overactive parathyroid glands cause elevated calcium levels, leading to symptoms like fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, and muscle weakness. Symptoms prompting surgery workup might include a noticeable lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or changes in voice. The surgery typically involves making a small incision in the neck to remove the affected gland(s). In many cases, these procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis, allowing patients to return home the same day and experience a quicker recovery with minimal scarring.